III.P50: Wired to Correlate and to See As Causal

Res quæcunque potest esse per accidens spei aut metus causa.

Anything whatsoever is able to be, by accident, the cause of either hope or fear.

DEMONSTRATIO: Hæc propositio eadem via demonstratur qua propositio 15 hujus, quam vide una cum scholio II propositionis 18 hujus.

This same proposition is demonstrated by IIIIP15; see along with IIIP18S2.

SCHOLIUM: Res quæ per accidens spei aut metus sunt causæ, bona aut mala omina vocantur. Deinde quatenus hæc eadem omina sunt spei aut metus causa eatenus (per definitionem spei et metus, quam vide in scholio II propositionis 18 hujus) lætitiæ aut tristitiæ sunt causa et consequenter (per corollarium propositionis 15 hujus) eatenus eadem amamus vel odio habemus et (per propositionem 28 hujus) tanquam media ad ea quæ speramus, adhibere vel tanquam obstacula aut metus causas amovere conamur. Præterea ex propositione 25 hujus sequitur nos natura ita esse constitutos ut ea quæ speramus, facile, quæ autem timemus, difficile credamus et ut de iis plus minusve justo sentiamus. Atque ex his ortæ sunt superstitiones quibus homines ubique conflictantur. Cæterum non puto operæ esse pretium animi hic ostendere fluctuationes quæ ex spe et metu oriuntur quandoquidem ex sola horum affectuum definitione sequitur non dari spem sine metu neque metum sine spe (ut fusius suo loco explicabimus) et præterea quandoquidem quatenus aliquid speramus aut metuimus eatenus idem amamus vel odio habemus atque adeo quicquid de amore et odio diximus, facile unusquisque spei et metui applicare poterit.

Anythings which, by accident, are the causes of hope or fear, are called everything good or bad. Then insofar as these same things are the cause of hope or fear - just so far (by the definition of hope and fear, on which see IIIP18S2) are the cause of joy or sadness and consequently (by IIIP15C) just so much by the same do we love or hate and (by IIIP28) we try to invoke as if the means to things for which we hope, or to remove as if their obstacles or causes of fear. Besides from IIIP25 it follows that we are, by nature so, constituted so that we believe easily the things which we hope for, moreover with difficulty, (the things) which we fear and as a result, from these, we feel more or less than is just. And superstitions arising from these by which humans everywhere are conflicted. I do not think that for the rest of the work it worth the reward to show the fluctuations of the soul here which arise from the hope or fear since it follows from the definition alone of these affects that hope without fear and fear without hope do not exist (as we will explain more fully in another place) and besides since insofar as we hope for or fear something just so much do we love or hate the same and to such an extent as we have talked something about love and hate, it might easily have been applied to each and every hope and fear.

III.P49 - Free Act is Solo Act

Amor et odium erga rem quam liberam esse imaginamur, major ex pari causa uterque debet esse quam erga necessariam.

Love and hatred towards something which we imagine to be free, either one ought to be greater from an equal cause than towards something (which we imagine to be) necessary.

DEMONSTRATIO: Res quam liberam esse imaginamur, debet (per definitionem 7 partis I) per se absque aliis percipi. Si igitur eandem lætitiæ vel tristitiæ causam esse imaginemur, eo ipso (per scholium propositionis 13 hujus) eandem amabimus vel odio habebimus idque (per propositionem præcedentem) summo amore vel odio qui ex dato affectu oriri potest. Sed si rem quæ ejusdem affectus est causa ut necessariam imaginemur, tum (per eandem definitionem 7 partis I) ipsam non solam sed cum aliis ejusdem affectus causam esse imaginabimur atque adeo (per propositionem præcedentem) amor et odium erga ipsam minor erit. Q.E.D.

Demonstration: Something which we imagine to be free ought (by IP7D) be perceived through itself and away from others. Therefore if we imagine the same thing to be the cause of joy or sadness, by this itself (by IIIPS) we will love the same thing or hate the same thing and it (by IIIP48) with the highest love or hatred which is able to be aroused by the affect experienced. But if something which is the cause of the same affect that we imagine to be necessary, then (by the same IP7D), not only itself but also with others do we imagine to be the cause of the same affect and to such an extent (by IIIP48) the love and hatred will be lesser towards that thing.

SCHOLIUM: Hinc sequitur homines, quia se liberos esse existimant, majore amore vel odio se invicem prosequi quam alia; ad quod accedit affectuum imitatio, de qua vide propositiones 27, 34, 40 et 43 hujus.

Scholium: From this it follows that humans, because they estimate that they (as humans) are free, with greater love or hatred do they engage with each other than towards others (which are not humans); to which the imitation of the affects does occur, concerning this see IIIP27, 34, 40 and 43.   

Spinoza's Ethics: III.P48 - Power of Perceived Cause

Amor et odium exempli gratia erga Petrum destruitur si tristitia quam hoc et lætitia quam ille involvit, ideæ alterius causæ jungatur et eatenus uterque diminuitur quatenus imaginamur Petrum non solum fuisse alterutrius causam.

Love and hatred, for example, is destroyed towards Peter if sadness which involves the latter (hatred) or joy which involves the former (love), is joined to the idea of another cause and insofar as each of them are diminished to the extent that we imagine that Peter has not been the only cause of either.

DEMONSTRATIO: Patet ex sola amoris et odii definitione, quam vide in scholio propositionis 13 hujus. Nam propter hoc solum lætitia vocatur amor et tristitia odium erga Petrum quia scilicet Petrus hujus vel illius affectus causa esse consideratur. Hoc itaque prorsus vel ex parte sublato affectus quoque erga Petrum prorsus vel ex parte diminuitur. Q.E.D. 

It is clear from the definition of love and hatred alone, which see in IIIP13S. For on account of this along joy is called love and sadness hatred toward Peter because of course Peter is considered the cause of this or that affect. Thus, this affect, removed either wholly or in part is also towards Peter diminished either wholly or in part.

 In III.P48, Spinoza is accentuating our causally-oriented mind. As we register an increase or decrease in perfection, so do we follow the source. This identification process is fraught with opportunities to get it wrong and lead to false ideas of love and hatred.