III.P56

Lætitiæ, tristitiæ et cupiditatis et consequenter uniuscujusque affectus qui ex his componitur ut animi fluctuationis vel qui ab his derivatur nempe amoris, odii, spei, metus etc. tot species dantur quot sunt species objectorum a quibus afficimur.

There are as many kinds of joy, sadness and desire, and consequently of each and every affect which is made up of these [three] as a fluctuation of mood or which are derived from these [three], namely, of love, hatred, hope, fear etc as there are many kinds of objects by which we are affected.

DEMONSTRATIO: Lætitia et tristitia et consequenter affectus qui ex his componuntur vel ex his derivantur, passiones sunt (per scholium propositionis 11 hujus); nos autem (per propositionem 1 hujus) necessario patimur quatenus ideas habemus inadæquatas et quatenus easdem habemus (per propositionem 3 hujus) eatenus tantum patimur hoc est (vide scholium I propositionis 40 partis II) eatenus tantum necessario patimur quatenus imaginamur sive (vide propositionem 17 partis II cum ejus scholio) quatenus afficimur affectu qui naturam nostri corporis et naturam corporis externi involvit. Natura igitur uniuscujusque passionis ita necessario debet explicari ut objecti a quo afficimur, natura exprimatur. Nempe lætitia quæ ex objecto exempli gratia A oritur, naturam ipsius objecti A et lætitia quæ ex objecto B oritur, ipsius objecti B naturam involvit atque adeo hi duo lætitiæ affectus natura sunt diversi quia ex causis diversæ naturæ oriuntur. Sic etiam tristitiæ affectus qui ex uno objecto oritur, diversus natura est a tristitia quæ ab alia causa oritur, quod etiam de amore, odio, spe, metu, animi fluctuatione etc. intelligendum est ac proinde lætitiæ, tristitiæ, amoris, odii etc. tot species necessario dantur quot sunt species objectorum a quibus afficimur. At cupiditas est ipsa uniuscujusque essentia seu natura quatenus ex data quacunque ejus constitutione determinata concipitur ad aliquid agendum (vide scholium propositionis 9 hujus); ergo prout unusquisque a causis externis hac aut illa lætitiæ, tristitiæ, amoris, odii etc. specie afficitur hoc est prout ejus natura hoc aut alio modo constituitur, ita ejus cupiditas alia atque alia esse et natura unius a natura alterius cupiditatis tantum differre necesse est quantum affectus a quibus unaquæque oritur, inter se differunt. Dantur itaque tot species cupiditatis quot sunt species lætitiæ, tristitiæ, amoris etc. et consequenter (per jam ostensa) quot sunt objectorum species a quibus afficimur. Q.E.D.

Joy and sadness and consequently affects which are made up from these or derived from them are passions (by IIIP11S); moreover we (by IIIP1) suffer necessarily insofar as we have inadequate ideas and insofar as we have the same [inadequate ideas] (by IIIP3) do we suffer to such an extent, that is (see IIP40S1) to such an extent do we necessarily suffer insofar as we imagine or (see IIP17 and IIP17S) insofar as we are affected by an affect which involves to the nature of our body and the nature of an external body. Thus the nature of each and every passion ought necessarily be explained as the nature of the object (by which we are affected) is being expressed. Namely, a joy which arises from an object, for example, A, involves the nature of object A itself and the joy which arises from object B, involves the nature of object B itself and to such a degree these two affects of joy are different by nature due to natures of the causes arise diversely. Thus, also the affect of sadness which arises from one object is diverse by nature by the sadness which arises from another cause, which also ought to be understood from love, hatred, hope, fear, a change in mood etc and so there exist necessarily just as many kinds of joy, sadness, love, hatred etc as there are kinds of objects by which we are affected. But desire is the essence itself of each and every one or its nature insofar as it it conceived to be determined by whatever constitution of it is given for doing something (see IIIP9S); 

SCHOLIUM: Inter affectuum species quæ (per propositionem præcedentem) perplurimæ esse debent, insignes sunt luxuria, ebrietas, libido, avaritia et ambitio, quæ non nisi amoris vel cupiditatis sunt notiones quæ hujus utriusque affectus naturam explicant per objecta ad quæ referuntur. Nam per luxuriam, ebrietatem, libidinem, avaritiam et ambitionem nihil aliud intelligimus quam convivandi, potandi, coeundi, divitiarum et gloriæ immoderatum amorem vel cupiditatem. Præterea hi affectus quatenus eos per solum objectum ad quod referuntur ab aliis distinguimus, contrarios non habent. Nam temperantia quam luxuriæ et sobrietas quam ebrietati et denique castitas quam libidini opponere solemus, affectus seu passiones non sunt sed animi indicant potentiam quæ hos affectus moderatur. Cæterum reliquas affectuum species hic explicare nec possum (quia tot sunt quot objectorum species) nec si possem, necesse est. Nam ad id quod intendimus nempe ad affectuum vires et mentis in eosdem potentiam determinandum, nobis sufficit uniuscujusque affectus generalem habere definitionem. Sufficit inquam nobis affectuum et mentis communes proprietates intelligere ut determinare possimus qualis et quanta sit mentis potentia in moderandis et coercendis affectibus. Quamvis itaque magna sit differentia inter hunc et illum amoris, odii vel cupiditatis affectum exempli gratia inter amorem erga liberos et inter amorem erga uxorem, nobis tamen has differentias cognoscere et affectuum naturam et originem ulterius indagare, non est opus.